JV ^ CLEVELAND, OHIO. '(

>m>-

CON TENTS.

A Square Inch of Iron, - 369 Table of the Teeth of Wheels,372 Annealing, ... 388

The Tools of Great Men, 334 Capital vs. Labor, - - 386 Co-operation among the

Freedmen, - - - 3S7 The Nation's Forests, - 388 Passing Events, News, Etc., 390

Jimmy, the Light-house Boy,393 Demagogues and the Press, 394 Iron and Coal Resources <-f

the Keystone State, - 395 A New Method of Making

Iron, ... Joseph Arch, - General Correspondence, Obituary, -

Subscriptions for the Journal, 400

G. 8. Newcomb Printing Co., 108 and 110 Seneca Street, Cleveland.

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No. 7 Malott Av., Indianapolis, Indiana.

ustoticie].

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JOHN FEHRENBATCH, No. HO Seneca Street, Cleveland, Ohio.

Monthly Journal.

CTOIHIISr IFEIEIIRIEIEsriB.A.TCIH:, JBiditoe,.

Vol. X— No. 12. CLEVELAND, OHIO, OCTOBER, 1873.

$1 per Year'

\ctmttnc.

A SQUARE INCH OF IRON.

[For the Machinists and Blacksmiths' Journal.]

TN my last, I promised to give ^your readers an explanation of the " parallel motion," but a pressure of business has pre- vented it ; I will endeavor to do so in the next Journal.

The above caption has no doubt been studied by most all your readers; but, perhaps, another glance at it would do no harm. We are told a square inch of iron will sustain a strain of from 51,000 to 60,000 pounds if applied in the direction of its length; and Prof. Leslie tells us that a soft bar of iron one inch square and 1,000 inches long, loaded at the end with 36,000 pounds will stretch 1 inch, or ToVo part .of its length ; with 45,000 pounds it will stretch 2 inches, or j^ of its length ; with 54,000 pounds it will stretch 4 inches, or ^o of its length ; with 63,000 pounds it will stretch 8 inches, or T^T of its length ; and

with 72,000 pounds it will stretch 16 inches— and break after stretch- ing 16 inches or -g^ or T|j of its length.

These experiments are of great value to the comprehensive mind of the mechanic, for from the data thus given it will show the factor of strength for perfect safety. We see that the first 36.000 pounds stretched the bar of iron 1,000 inches long 1 inch, making the bar 1,001 inches long ; it will also be seen that the fibers of the iron were started from their original compactness by the stretching; but Prof. Leslie goes on stretch- ing his bar of iron until it breaks at 72,000 pounds, having stretched it 16 inches. It must also be borne in mind that this was a soft bar of iron, prepared for the purpose, and one of a harder grain would not have been so easily stretched, and might perhaps have broken sooner, and with less warning, in case it was in machinery.

As we have already stated, a good piece of wrought iron will sustain a strain of from 54,000 to

370

Machinists and Blacksmiths'

60,000 pounds ; so, also, have we seen that Professor Leslie's bar stretched the first inch with only 36,000 pounds upon it, and we maintain that after a piece of iron is once stretched, if it be used in mechanics or machinery, con- tinual strain of only 36,000 pounds will break it sooner or later.

From these deductions we may say that 36,000 pounds will be too much for a constant strain to be put upon each square inch of iron. The next question that naturally suggests itself is, how much can we put on with perfect safety ? One of our favorite authors tells us that 4,000 pounds is quite suffi- cient to put on in such works as steam engines, where the motion is back and forth, like the piston of a steam engine, or where the strain is alternate ; but we have seen good results where the strain has exceeded 80,000 pounds per square inch of section. This is rather a higher figure than we would recommend, and in our own practice we generally aim to have our strain not to exceed 6,500, and in some cases even only 5,500 pounds, and where the iron is subject to shocks or extreme pressures put upon it, in rapid motion, we take a still less figure, according to the circumstances of the case.

Now, having stated the tensile strain, we may say that the crush-

ing strain is generally accepted in round numbers to be 27,000 pounds, or generally one-half of the strain it will bear in the di- rection of its length for wrought iron ; but cast iron is of a different nature respecting its tensile strength and crushing point. Cast iron will bear in the direction of its length only from 15,000 to 19,000 pounds, but its crushing weight is 98,982, or very nearly 100,000 pounds per square inch. Therefore, if we want a safe work- ing strain on a piece of cast iron we must, as in the case of wrought, put about one-eighth (-£) of its breaking strength upon it, or say about 2,000 pounds per square inch of section. Knowing all these things we have but to apply them as best suits the case. For instance, if we have a large weight to raise, of say 6,000 pounds, by means of a piece of cast iron, or by its being attached to a piece of cast iron, we know that we must not put over 2,000 pounds per square inch upon it; therefore we shall need 3 square inches to do the work ; and if we use a piece of round iron it will require to be about 2 inches in diameter, for a 2 -inch piece of round iron con- tains 3.1416 inches, which will be ample for all practical purposes for raising a weight of 6,000 pounds. If we want to raise the same weight with a piece of round

Monthly Journal.

371

wrought iron, or square iron, a piece of 1| round, or 1 inch square, will do it. This, of course, is to be pulled in the direction of its length. Or, if we had a hoisting- engine of 8 horse-power, and it was required to lift its full capa- city every time, then we require to know how large a chain or rod would be needed. Here we have 8 horsepower, or 8 times 33,000, which is divided by 6,500, and we find we require 40 inches of iron, or a round rod of 7T2o inches dia- meter. This, of course, would stand all shocks necessary to put upon it, and be fully large enough for anything that might ever be expected to occur.

Thus far we have dealt only with the tensile or crushing strain ; we will now deal with the torsion or twisting strain. To begin: A piece of lead 1 inch square can be twisted off with 44 pounds on the end of a lever one foot long. Try this some noon in the shop, and that will be the beginning of a series of the best experiments. You can place the lead in a vise, make a wrench a foot long, as light as possible, attach a weight of 44 pounds on it, let it fall, and mark the results. Thus there will be an experiment that all and any one can do for himself. A piece of tin will bear 1.4 as much as lead ; therefore to find the point at which a piece of tin will twist

off lead being 1 we have only to multiply 44 by 1.4 and we have 79.6 pounds that it will require at the end of the lever one foot long to twist off a square inch of tin. Copper is 4.3 of lead ; therefore we have 4.3 times 44, which will be 189.2 pounds, that it will re- quire to twist off a square inch of copper. Try this in the vise a good large vise will stand it. Yellow brass is 4.6 of lead ; again we multiply 44 of lead by 4.6 for yellow brass and we have 202.4 pounds that will twist off a square inch of yellow brass. Gun metal is 5 of lead ; therefore 5 times 44 equals 220 pounds it will require to twist off a square inch of gun metal generally 9 of copper and 1 of tin. Cast iron is 9 of lead ; therefore 9 times 44 equals 396 pounds that will be required to twist off a square inch of cast iron. This can be tried in the shop at noon ; by a very little in- genuity a square piece of cast iron can be made fast to some place in the shop, or perhaps it might be bolted on a planer bed or fixed in some heavy casting in the shop. Try it; a great many carry their dinners and have some time to spare ; I have done it my- self when I worked in the shop and carried my dinner. Swedish iron is 9.5 of lead, so that 9.5 mul- tiplied by 44 gives 418 pounds that it will require to twist off a

372

Machinists and Blacksmiths'*

square inch of Swedish iron. Eng- lish iron is 10.1 of lead ; therefore it will require 10.1 times 44 to twist off a square inch of English iron, which will be 444.4 pounds. Blistered steel is 16.6 of lead; therefore it will require 16.6 times 44 to twist off a square inch of blistered steel, or 730.4 pounds. Shear steel is 17 of lead; there- fore 17 times 44 pounds will be required, or 748 pounds, to twist off a square inch of shear steel. Cast steel is 19.5 of lead, and therefore will require 19.5 times 44 pounds, or 858 pounds to twist it off.

Thus it will be seen the relation of one metal to another may easily be found if looked after, and when once found it can be applied in this way at any time the student of mechanics may see fit to apply it. J. J. Illingworth.

TABLE OP THE TEETH OF WHEELS.

BY THE LATE MR. ROBERT ADCOCK, C. E.

A Wisconsin man has invented a railroad switch that will adapt itself to a coming train and never be out of place. The Milwaukee Wisconsian says that it has stood a practical test,working perfectly. This will, if the report be true, lessen materially the danger of railroad travel, and win for the inventor nearly as much praise as if he had devised a switch that would cause the instant death of the man who carelessly left it open.

Seek in the tables, and on the same line with 30, in column 1, will be found 1.144, in column 6, which, multiplied by in., gives 2.S6 in. For 1.144X2^ = 2.860; therefore, 2.86 in., or 2| in., is the distance for describing the flanks of the teeth.

With the compasses open to that extent, move one leg along the "paths of centers" last described until the point of the other leg touches the face of the tooth which is to be drawn on the " pitch cir- cle ;" then, by drawing downward from the pitch circle, and from that point of the face, the flank of one side of the tooth will be de- scribed. It must be remembered, in this instance, that it is the side of the flank of the tooth nearest to you that you are about to draw ; and that the tooth lies without the compasses, and not within, as was the case while drawing the faces of the teeth.

The whole of the faces and flanks of the teeth being drawn, the next thing is to draw their heights a very good proportion for which is five-tenths of the pitch ; two-tenths being |he heights of the faces, and three- tenths that of the flanks to the roots. Draw a line from the cen- ter of the wheel to without the

Monthly Journal.

373

pitch circle, and on this line mark, within and without the pitch cir- cle, the proper heights of the teeth both top of the face and root of the flank. Draw circles passing through those points, which mark the heights of the teeth.

Bule. Seek in the first column for the number of teeth it is pro- posed that the wheel shall con- tain. In a line with such number of teeth, take from columns 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, the numbers that are in them ; and in every case mul- tiply such numbers by the pitch. The products will be the number of inches and parts of inches to which the compasses must be opened to describe the circles and parts of circles that are required.

Example. Suppose that a wheel is to be made to contain thirty teeth, belonging to the series whose lowest pinion is eight teeth, and that the pitch of the teeth is to be 2^ in., proceed as follows:

Seek in column Vfor 30, the number of proposed te*eth, . and take from column 2 the numbers 4.783, which multiply by 2| in., the product will be 11.957, or nearly 12 in. For 1.783 X = 11.957 in. Open the compasses, therefore, to 12 in., and describe a circle, which will be the "pitch circle." Open the compasses to 2| in., which is the "pitch," and divide the circumference of the

pitch circle into the required number of teeth; from those divi- sions mark the thicknesses of the teeth.

Note. A very good proportion between the thickness and the pitch of the teeth is from TWths to TVoths. In the next place search in column 3 of the same table, and in the same line with 30 teeth will be found the numlfcrs £.664:, which multiply by 2| in., the pro- duct will be 11.66, equal to llf in. For 4.664 X = 11.660 in. With the compasses opened to this dis- tance, and from tlie same center as the last, describe another cir- cle, which will be the paths of centers for the curves of the faces of the teeth. From column 4 similarly take the numbers 0.868, and multiply by 2| in. The pro- duct is 2.27, or rather more than 2\ in., to which distance the com- passes must be opened to describe the faces of the teeth.

In illustration, place one foot of the compasses, which has been opened to 2^ in., upon the circum- ference of the circle, called the paths of centers, recently de- scribed, in such manner that the other foot of the compasses touches one of the divisions of the teeth, marked upon the pitch circle. From such division de- scribe a curve upward, which will represent one side of the face of the tooth.. Care must be taken, however, when commencing, that the tooth you are about to draw, and one side of the face of which you are about striking, lies be- tween the two points.

374

Machinists and Blacksmiths1

TABLES OF THE TEETH OF WHEELS.

3

a

o

'ft - Of

.5 '3

Smallest pinion, 8 teeth.

Smallest pinion, 10 teeth.

Smallest pinion, 12 teeth.

o

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the !

Radii of the

6

T3

faces of teeth.

flanks of teeth

faces of teeth flanks of teeth

faces of teeth flanks of teeth

1

2

3

4

5

6

3

4

5

6

3

4

5

6

6

1.000

7

1.152

V

8

1.306

1 2%1

0734

A

9

1 462

393

.747.

/ 15.097

4 886

10

1 618

544 .696

.759'

3.365

2 927

1.565

0.736

11

1.774

0.770

3 323

2 274

1 718

.747

/6 138

5.879

12

1 932

.850

.779

2.860

1 943

1.873

.757/

,3 928

3 411

1.883

0 750

13

2.089

2.004

.788

2 803

.765

2.027

.766

3.404

2 643

2.037

0.761

7.451

7.137

14

2 247

158

.796

2 .845

.617

.183

.775

3.183

2.190

2.193

.769

4.861

4.267

15

2.405

.314

.803

2 932

524

.338

.783

3.153

1 945

349

.777

3.925

3.042

16

3.568

.470

0 810

3.038

1 454

.493

0.790

3 184

.783

.504

.785

.625

3.531

17

3 721

.626

.816

.957

.400

.650

.797

3 258

664

.660

.792

.578

2.224

18

2.879

782

. .822 «t.838

.284

357

.806

.803

3 357

.580

.816

.799

.587

2 020

19

3.03S

.938

419

321

.963

.889

3 472

511

.974

.806

.635

1.873

20

3.196

3 0114

.833

.557

291

3.119

.814

594

.456

3.130

.812

.729

.765

21

3 355

.251

0.838

.669

1 266

276

0.819

.726

1.414

.287

.817

.833

.679

22

3 513

.408

.842

845

245

433

.824

.862

.377

.444

.822

.948

.611

23

3 672

.565

.846

.991

226

.590

.828

4 002

.346

.601

.827

4.075

.556

24

3 830

.722

.850

4.138

210

.747

.832

.145

315

.758

.832

.206

.509

25

3 989

.ST.)

.853

.288

196

904

.836

.290

.296

.915

.836

.342

.470

26

4.148

4.036

0.856

.439

1 183

4.061

0.840

.437

1 276

4. ©72

.840

4 484

.436

27

4.307

.193

.859

.591

171

.218

.844

,5fc6

.258

.2 30

.844

V 626 ,\ .370

.407

28

4 466

350

863

.743

162

.365

.847

.736

.242

.388

.848

.382

29

i 626

.507

.865

897

152

.534

.850

.887

.228

.546

.852

.918

.459

30

4.783

.664

.868

5 070

144

.692

5.040

.215

.704

.856

5.066

.339

31

•1 942

.821

0.870

.204

1 137

.850

0.856

.193

1.204

.862

.859

.215

.321

32

5.101

.979

.872

359

130

5.008

.859 1 .346

194

5.020

.862

.366

.305

33

#

5.137

.874

.514

123

.166

.862 .500

184

.178

.865

.518

.290

34

4%

.205

.876

669

117

.324

.864 .658

.175

.336

.868

.671

.277

35

.578

.453

.878

.825

111

.483

.867 .804

.166

.494

.871

.825

.265

36

.737

.611

0.880

.981

1 106

.641

0.8S9

96:

1.158

.652

.874

.975

.254

37

.896

769

.888

6.137

101

.799

.871

6.118

151

.810

.876

6 133

.244

38

6 055

.927

.884

.293

0 097

957

.873

.274

.145

.96S

.878

.388

.234

39

214

6.085

.886

149

0 093

6.115

.875

.430

.139

6.126

.882

.443

.226

40

.373

243

.888

6U6

0 089

.274

.877

.586

.134

.284

.884

.598

.217

41

532

.401

0.890

.767

1 085

.432

0.879

.742

1 129

.442

.886

.753

.210

42

.691

.659

.892

920

0 081

.590

.881

.899

1™

.600

.888

.909

.203

43

.avo

718

.894

7 077

078

.749

.883 7.656

.758

.890

7.065

.196

44

7 (Mill

.876

234

075

.907

.885 213

.116

.916

.892

.221

.190

45

.168

7.035

.897

391

072

7.065

.887

.371

112

7.074

.894

.377

.184

46

.327

193

0.898

549

1.069

.224

0.889

.528

1.108

232

.896

.533

179

47

.486

.352

.899

.707

066

.382

-.890

.685

104

.390

.898

.089

.174

48

.645

.510

.900

.865

.064

.541

.891 .843

.100

.548

.900

.845

.160

49

.8114

.669

.901

8.028

.062

.699

.892 ; 8.001

.097

.706

.902

8.002

.163

50

.963

.827

.902

.181

060

.858

.893 ' .159

.094

.864

.904

.959

.160

51

8.189

.986

0.903

339

1 058

8.016

0.895 316

1.091

8.022

.906

.310

.156

52

.281

8 144 .904

497

056

.175

.896 .473

.088

.180

.908

.473

.152

53

.440

.303

.905

655

054

.35:;

.897 .630

.085

.338

.910

.630

.148

54

.599

.461

.906

.813

052

.492

.898 .787

.082

.497

.911

.788

.145

55

.758

.620

.907

971

050

.650

.899 1 .945

.080

656

.912

.946

.142

56

.917

.778

0.908

9 129

1.04S

.809

0.900 ! 9.102

1.078

.815

.913

9.103

.138

57

9.076

.937

.909

.287

046

967

.901 .260

076

.974

.914

.260

.135

58

.235

9.095

.910

.445

.044

9.126

.902 .418

.074

9.133

.915

.417

.132

59

.374

.254

.910

.603

043

.2S4

.903 576

.072

.292

.916

.574

.129

60

.553

.412

911

.761

042

.443

.904

734

.070

.451

.917

.732

.127

Monthly Journal.

375

TABLES OF

THE TEETH OF WHEELS.

i

S .£5

|

op

Smallest pinion, 8 teeth.

Smallest pinion, 10 teeth.

Smallest pinion, 12 teeth.

eh

o

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the , Radii of the

Radii of the , Radii of the

6

-a

faces of teetl

flanks of teeth

faces of teeth flanks of teeth

1

(aces of teeth flanks of teeth

1

| 2

3

4

5

6

3

4

5

6

3 4

5

6

61

.712

.571

0.912

.919

1.041

.602

0.905

.892

1.068

.609

.918

.890

.124

62

872

.730

.913

10.077

.040

.761

.906

10 051

.066

.767

.919

10.048

.122

63

1 10.031

.889

.914

.235

.039

.920

.907

209

.064

.925

.920

.205

.120

64

.190

10.048

.915

.393

.038

10 079

.908

.368

.062

10.083

.921

.363

.118

65

.349

.207

.916

.551

.037

.238

.909

.526

.060

.242

.922

.521

116

66

.508

.366

0.917

.709

1.036

.397

0.910

.685

1 059

.401

.923

679

.114

67

.667

.525

.917

.867

.035

556

.911

.843

.058

.560

.924

.837

.112

68

.826

.684

.918

11 025

.034

.715

.912

11.002

.057

.719

.925

.995

.110

69

.985

.843

.919

.183

.033

.874

.913

.160

.056

.878

.926

11.153

.108

70

11.144

11.002

.920

.341

.032

10.033

.914

.319

.055

11.037

.927

.312

.106

71

11.303

11.161

0.920

11 500

1.031

11.192

0.914

11 .477

1.054

11 196

0.928

11 .470

1.104

72

.463

.320

.921

.659

.030

351

.915

.636

.053

.355

.929

..630

.102

73

.622

.479

.922

.818

029

510

.916

.794

.052

.514

.930

.788

.100

74

.781

.638

.922

.977

.028

.£69

.916

.953

.051

.673

.930

.947

.098

75

.940

.797

.923

12 136

.027

.828

.917

12 111

.050

.832

.931

12 105

.096

76

12.099

11.956

0.923

12.295

1 026

11 987

0.918

12.270

1.049

11 991

.932

12 264

1.094

77

.258

12 115

.924

.454

.025

12.146

.428

.048

12 150

.423

092

78

.417

.274

.613

.024

.305

.919

5S7

.047

.300

.933

.581

.091

79

.576

.433

.925

.772

.023

.464

.745

.046

.468

.739

.090

80

.735

.592

.931

.022

.623

.920

.904

.045

.627

.934

.898

089

81

.894

.751

.926

13.090

.782

13.062

044

.786

13.059

.(88

82

13.054

.910

.249

1.021

.941

.921

.221

.043

.945

.935

.218

.087

83

.213

13.069

.408

.020

13.000

.379

.042

13.104

.377

086

84

.372

.228

.567

.019

.259

.922

.537

.041

263

.936

.534

.085

85

.531

.387

.927

.726

.418

.696

.040

.422

.93"7

.694

.084

86

.690

.546

.885

1.018

.577

.923

.854

.039

.581

.853

.083

87

.849

.705

14.044

.017

.736

14 013

.038

.740

.938

14.012

082

88

14.008

.864

.928

203

.016

.895

.924

.171

.037

.898

.939

.171

0S1

89

.168

14 023

.302

14.054

.330

.036

14 058

.331

080

90

.327

.182

.521

.015

.213

.925

.488

035

.217

.940

.490

.079

91

.486

.341

.929

.680

.371

.647

.034

.376

.941

.649

.078

92

645

.500

.839

1.014

.531

.926

.805

.033

.535

.808

.077

93

.304

.659

.998

.013

.690

.964

.032

.694

.942

.967

.076

94

.963

.818

.930

15.157

.849

.927

15.122

.031

.853

.943

15.125

.075

95

15.142

.976

.316

.012

15.008

.281

.030

15.012

.304

074

96

.281

15.136

475

.167

.928

.440

.029

.171

.944

.443

.073

97

.440

.295

.931

.634 .793

1.011

.326

.599

.028

.330

.602

.072

98

.600

.454

f

.485

.758

.027

.489

.945

.762

.071

99

.759

.613

.952

.010

.644

.929

.917

.026

.648

.921

.070

100

.918

.772

.932

16.111

.803

16.076

.807

.946

16.080

.069

101

16.077

.931

.270

1.009

902

.235

.025

.966

.239

06S

102

.236

16 090

.933

.429

16.121

.930

.394

16 129

.39S

103

395

.249

.588

.008

.280

.553

.024

.284

.947

.557

.067

104

.554

.408

.747

.439

.712

.443

.716

105

.713

.567

.934

.906

.598

.871

.023

.602

.874

.066

106

.873

.726

17.065

1.007

.757

.931

17.030

.761

.948

17.034 I

107

17.032

.885

.224

.916

.189

.022

.920 !

192

.065

108

.191

17 044

.383

.006

17.079

.348

17 079'

352

109

.350

.203

.935

.542

.234

.507

.021

.238 i

.949

.510

064

110.

.509

.362

.701

.393

.932

.666

.397

.669

Ill

.668

.521

.860

1.005

.552

.825

.556

.S28

.063

112

.828

.680

.936

18.019

.711

.984

.020

.715

.950

.9S8 !

113

.987

.839

.178

.870 1

IS. 143

.874

IS 146

.062

114

18.146

.998

.337

.004

18.029

.302

18.035

.951

.306 '

115

.305

18.157

.596

.188 1

.933

.461

.019

.192

.463

.061

376

Machinists and Blacksmiths''

TABLES OF THE TEETH OF WHEELS.

%

■43

ft o

.2 "5

Smallest pinion, 8 teeth.

Smallest pinion, 10 teeth.

Smallest pinion, 12 teeth.

o

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the Radii

Df the

Radii of the

Radii of the

6

03

faces of teeth

flanks of teeth

faces of teeth flanks of teeth

faces of teeth flanks of teeth

1

1

2

3

4

5

6

3

4

5

6

3

4

5

6

116

.464

.316

.937

.655

1.003

.347

.620

.351

.257

117

.623

.475

.814

.506

.779

.510

.952

.622

.060

118

.782

.634

.973

.665

.938

018

.669

.781

119

.941

.793

19 132

.001

.824

19.097

.828

.953

.939

.059

120

19.101

.952

.938

.291

.983

.934

.256

.987

19.089

121

.260

19.111

.450

19.142

.415

.017

19.146

.416

.058

122

.419

.270

.609

.301

.574

.305

.954

.575

123

.578

.429

*.768

1.001

.460

.733

.464

.734

.057

124

.737

.588

.939

.927

.619

.892

.016

.623

.892

125

.896

.747

20.086

.778

.935

20.051

.782

.955

20.051

056

126

20.055

.906

.245

1.000

.937

.210

.941

.210

127

.214

20 065

.940

.394

20 090

.369

20.100

.368

.055

128

.374

.224

.563

.255

.528

.015

.259

.956

.527

129

.533

.383

.722

.414

.687

.418

.686

.054

130

.682

.542

.881

.573

.936

.846

.577

.845

131

.841

.701

.941

21.040

0 999

.732

21.005

.736

.957

21.003

.053

132

21.000

.860

.199

.891

.164

.014

.895

.162

133

.169

21 019

.358

21.050

.323

21.054

.321

.052

134

.328

17s

.517

.209

.937

.482

.213

.958

.480

135

.488

337

.942

676

998

.368

.641

.372

.639

.051

136

.647

196

.835

.527

.800

1.013

.531

.959

.798

137

.806

.655

994

.686

.958

.690

.956

1.050

188

.965

.814

22 158

.845

12.118

.849

22.115

139

22 L24

.973

.312

0.997

22 004

.938

.277

.012

22 008

.960

.273

.049

140

.283

22 132

0.943

.471

.163

.436

.167

.432

.048

141

442

291

.630

.322

.595

.326

.591

142

602

.450

.789

.481

.754

.485

.961

.750

1.047

143

761

.609

.948

.996

.640

.939

.913

.011

.644

.908

144

920.

.763

23 107

.799

22.072

.803

23 067

.046

145

23.079

927

.206

.958

.231

.962

.962

.226

146

.238

23 086

.944

.425

23.117

.390

23.121

.384

1.045

147

.397

245

584

.995

.549

.010

.280

.543

148

557

.404

.743

.435

.940

.708

.439

.701

044

149

.716

.563

902

594

.867

.598

.963

.861

150

.875

729

24 061

.753

24.026

.757

24 020

.043

151

24.034

881

.220

912

.185

.009

.916

.179

152

.193

24 040

.944

379

994

24 071

.344

24.075

.964

.338

153

.352

199

.538

.230

.941

503

.234

.497

1.042

154

511

.358

697

.389

.662

.393

.655

155

.670

517

.856

.548

.821

.008

.551

.965

.815

1.041

150

830

.676

.945

25.015

.993

.707

980

.711

.985

157

.989

.835

.174

.866

.942

25.139

.870

25.134

1.040

158

25 14S

994

333

25.025

.298

25.029

.966

.293

159

.307

20 153

492

.184

.457

007

.188

.452

1.039

160

.466

312

.651

.343

.616

.347

.611

s

161

.625

471

.810

.992

.502

.943

.775

.506

.967

.770

162

784

.630

.969

.661

.934

.665

.929

1.038

163

944

789

26 128

.820

26.093

.006

.824

26.088

164

26 103

948

.287

979

252

.983

.968

.247

1 037

165

262

26 107

.446

26.138

.411

26.142

.421

166

.421

.266

.946

605

991

.297

.944

.570

301

.565

1.036

167

.580

.425

.764

.456

.729

.460

.724

168

.739

.584

.923

615

.888

.005

.619

.969

.883

1.035

169

.899

.743

27 082

.774

27.047

.778

27.043

170

27.058

.902

.241

.933

.206

.937

.222

1.0

Monthly Journal.

377

TABLES OF THE TEETH OF WHEELS.

m

3

J3 O

.S'o

Smallest pinion, 8 teeth.

Smallest pinion, 10 teeth.

Smallest pinion, 12 teeth.

o

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the

faces of teeth

flanks of teeth

faces of teeth

flanks of teeth

faces of teeth

flanks of teeth

1

3

3

4

5

6

3

4

5

6

3

4

5

6

171

.217

27.061

.400

.990

27.092

.945

.365

27.096

.970

.361

172

.376

.220

.559

.251

.524

.255

.519

1 038

173

.535

.379

.718

.410

.683

.004

.414

.678

174

694

.538

.877

.569

.842

.573

.971

.837

175

.853

.697

28.036

.728

28.001

.732

.996

1 032

176

28.013

.856

.947

.196

.887

.160

.891

28.156

177

.172

28.015

.354

28.046

.946

.319

28.050

.972

.315

1 031

178

.331

.174

.513

.989

.205

.478

.003

.209

.473

179

.480

.333

.672

.364

.637

.368

.632

180

.639

.492

.831

.523

.796

.527

.973

.791

1.030

181

.798

.651

.990

.682

.955

.686

.950

182

.967

.810

29.149

.841

.947

29 . 114

.845

29.109

1.029

183

29.127

.969

.308

29.000

.273

.002

29 004

.974

.268

184

.282

29.128

.467

.159

.432

.163

.427

1 028

185

.441

.287

.626

.318

.591

.322

.586

186

.600

.446

.948

.785

.988

.477

.750

.481

.975

.745

1.027

187

.759

.605

.941

.636

.948

.909

.640

.904

INN

.918

.764

30 103

.795

30.068

.799

30 063

189

30.077

.923

.262

.954

.227

.001

.958

.222

1 026

190

.237

30.082

.421

30.113

.386

30 117

.976

.381

191

.396

.241

.580

.272

.545

.276

.540

1.025

192

.555

.400

.739

.431

.949

.704

.435

.699

193

.714

.559

.898

.590

.863

.594

.977

.858

194

.873

.718

31.157

.749

31.022

.753

31.017

1.024

195

31.032

.877

.216

.908

.181

1.000

.912

.978

.176

196

.191

31.036

.949

.375

.987

31.067

.340

31.071

.335

1 023

197

.350

.195

.534

.226

.499

.230

.494

[98

.510

.354

.693

.385

.950

.658

.389

.653

1 022

199

.669

.513

.852

.544

.817

.548

.979

.812

200

.828

.672

32.011

.703

.976

.707

.971

201

.987

.831

.170

.862

32.135

0.999

.866

.980

32.130

202

32 146

.990

.329

32.021

.294

32.025

.289

203

.305

32.149

.488

.140

.453

.184

.448

204

.464

80S

64S

.339

.612

.343

.607

205

.623

.467

.806

.498

.771

.502

.776

206

.782

.626

.950

.965

.986

.657

.951

.930

.661

.925

207

.941

.785

33 124

.816

33.189

.998

.820

33.084

208

33.100

944

.263

.975

.248

.979

.243

209

.259

33.103

.442

33.134

.407

33.138

.402

210

.419

.262

.601

.293

.566

.297

561

211

.578

.421

.760

.452

.725

.456

.720

212

.737

.580

.919

.611

.884

.615

.879

213

.896

.739

34.078

.770

34.043

997

.774

34 038

214

34.056

.898

.237

.929

.202

.933

.197

215

215

34.057

.496

34.088

.361

34 092

.356

216

.374

.216

.951

.555

985

.247

.952

.520

.251

.515

217

.533

37ii

.714

.406

.670

.410

.674

218

.692

.534

.873

.565

.838

569

.833

219

.851

.693

35 032

.724

.997

.996

.728

.992

220

35.010

.852

.191

.883

35 156

.887

35.151

221

.169

35.011

.350

35.042

.315

35.046

.310

222

.328

.170

.951

.509

.201

.474

.205

469

223

.487

.329

.668

.360

.633

.364

.628

224

.646

.488

.827

.519

.792

.995

.523

.787

225

.805

.647

.986

.678

.951

.082

.946

378

Machinists and Blacksmiths'

TABLES OF THE TEETH OF WHEELS.

o

© o

.3 "5

Smallest pinion, 8 teeth.

Smallest pinion, 10 teeth.

Smallest pinion, 12 teeth.

o

Eadii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the

Radii of the

6

a!

faces of teeth

flanks of teeth

faces of teeth

flanks of teeth

faces of teeth

flanks of teeth

1

2

3

4

5

6

3

4

5

6

3

4

5

6

226

.965

.806

0.951

36.145

985

.837

.953

36.110

.995

.841

36.105

227

36.124

.985

.294

996

.269

36.000

.264

228

.284

36 124

.463

984

36 155

.428

.159

.423

229

.443

.283

.632

.314

.587

.994

-.318

.582

230

.592

.442

.781

.473

.746

.477

.741

231

.751

601

.952

.940

.632

905

.636

.900

232

.910

.760

37.099

.791

37.064

.795

37.059

233

37.079

.919

.258

.950

.223

.954

.218

234

.238

37.078

.417

37.100

.382

37 113

.577

235

.398

.237

.576

.268

541

993

.272

.536

236

.557

.396

.735

.427

.954

.700

.431

.695

237

710

.555

.894

586

.859

.590

.854

238

.875

.714

38 053

.745

38.018

.749

38.013

239

38.034

.S73

212

.904

.177

.908

.172

240

.193

38.032

.371

38.063

.336

38.067

.331

241

.352

191

531 1

983

.222

495

992

.226

.695

242

512

360

689

.381

.654

.385

.854

24 ;s

.67]

509

Ms

540

813

.544

39.013

244

.830

668

39 iKi7

699

972

.703

.172

245

.989

.827

.106

.858

39 131

.862

.331

240

39 14 8

.986

.958

335

89.017

.290

39.021

.285

247

m

39.146

.484

.170

449

.180

.444

248

.467

m

oi:;

.335

.955

.608

.339

.603

249

636

468

802

494

.767

.991

49S

.762

250

788

622

96]

.653

.926

.857

.921

251

944

78]

40.120

.812

In 086

.816

40.080

252

40 103

94(1

279

971

244

.975

.239

253

262

10 099

438

40.130

.403

40.134

.398

254

.421

.258

.597

m

562

.293

.557

255

.580

.417

.750

44S

.721

.452

.716

256

.740

.576

916

.982

007

.880

.611

.875

257

.899

.786

41 074

.700

41 039

.770

41.034

268

41 068

894

.233

925

198

.990

.929

.193

259

.217

41.053

392

41 084

357

41.088

.356

260

376

.212

551

.243

.516

.247

.511

261

.535

87]

.954

710

.402

.950

.675

.406

.670

262

.094

530

sc,:!

561

.834

.565

.829

263

863

.689

4:! 028

.720

.993

.724

.988

264

42.013

Ms

.187

.879

42 152

.883

42.147

265

.172

42.007

.346

42.038

.311

42.042

.306

266

381

.166

.505

.197

470

.201

.465

267

480

825

.664

.356

.629

.989

.360

.624

268

689

4S4

.823

.515

.788

.519

.783

269

.798

643

.982

.074

.947

.678

.942

270

.967

.802

43 141

.833

43.106

837

43.101

271

43.127

.961

.300

981

.992

.265

.996

.260

272

.282

43 120

.459

43.151

.424

43.155

.419

273

.441

279

.618

.310

.583

.314

.578

274

.600

4;:s

.777

.469

.742

.473

.737

275

.759

.597

.936

.628

.901

.632

.996

276

.918

.756

.955

44 095

.787

.957

44 060

.791

44 055

277

44 077

.915

254

.946

.219

.950

.214

278

.237

44 076

.413

44.105

.378

.988

44.109

.373

279

.396

.233

.572

264

.537

.268

.532

2S0

.555

.392

.731

.423

.696

427

691

Monthly Journal.

379

TABLES OF THE TEETH OF WHEELS.

Smallest pinion, 8 teeth.

Radii of the

Radii c

faces of teeth

flanks o

3

4

5

.551

.890

.710

45.049

.869

.208

45.028

.357

.187

.526

.346

.685

.505

.844

.664

.903

.823

46.162

46.082

.321

.141

.480

.300

.639

.460

.798

.619

.957

.TTO

47.116

.937

.275

47.096

.434

.255

.593

.414

.752

.573

.911

0.1677

0.968

.1677

Smallest pinion, 10 teeth.

Radii of the

Radii o

faces of teeth

flanks ol

3

4

5

.582

.855

.741

45.014

.900

.173

45.059

.332

.218

.491

.377

.650

.536

.809

.695

.968

.854

46.127

46.013

.286

.171

.445

.331

.604

.490

.763

.649

.922

.808

47 081

. .967

.240

47.126

.399

.285

.558

.444

.717

.603

.876

.1382

0.973

.1382

Smallest pinion, 12 teeth.

Radii of the faces of teeth

Radii of the flanks of teeth

281 2€2 2S3 2S4 2S5

287 288 289 290

291 292 293 294 295

296 297 298 299 300

Eak

.714 .873 45.032 .191 .350

.510 .669 .828 .987 46.146

.301 .464 .623

.782 .941

47 100 .250 .420

.578 .737

0.968

0.973

3

4

5

.586

.850

.745

45.009

.904

.168

45 063

.327

.222

.486

.381

.645

.540

.804

.699

.963

.857

46 122

46 017

.281

.170

.440

.335

.599

.414

.758

.653

.817

.812

.976

.971

47.135

47 . 130

.294

.289

.453

.448

.612

.607

.771

.1294

1.000

0.1294

1.000

OBSERVATIONS.

Having been much annoyed at our works at Derain, and at other places, with the frequent break- ages which occurred to the teeth of wheels, used there in our forges and mills, and also by the loss of time and the heavy expenses at- tendant on them, I was resolved, if possible, to rectify the error.

Fortunately, I had many years previously studied with much at- tention the geometrical and ma- thematical investigations of the celebrated Comas, Bryan Donkin, the well-known engineer of Lon- don, Prof. Willis of Oxford, and other eminent authorities on the subject. The theories of most of them, however, though admirable

as geometrical investigations, are not— if we except the treaties of Bryan Donkin and Prof. Willis such as could be followed in prac- tice. And even these latter re- quired to be combined together, and modified by the experience which I had acquired by years of observation.

Eventually, after mature con- sideration, I was enabled to con- struct the "Table of the Teeth of Wheels," which I now give you. They have been used for years at our works with marked success, and with the satisfaction of know- ing that the teeth of the wheels which have been so formed work admirably together ; so much so, that a breakage from such a cause

380

Machinists and Blacksmiths'

is now of very rare occurrence indeed, we may say, it is almost unknown to us. I must now re- quest your attention to the fol- lowing statements on the teeth of wheels:

In forming the teeth of wheels, although the driver wheel of nec- essity must act upon and propel the driver, yet the teeth of both wheels, to avoid breakages, must be considered as rolling the one upon the other, and their teeth must be formed accordingly. From the consideration of this essential quality, and the condi- tions to be fulfilled, the foregoing tables have been constructed. The calculations have been made on strictly mathematical princi- ples, notwithstanding which the tables are of easy application by the pattern-maker and the mill- wright.

Teeth marked out, and con- structed in conformity with these tables, possess many advantages:

1. There is an economy of time in designing the pattern.

2. The teeth work together with great accuracy.

3. Teeth so formed maintain their shape to the last; they do not wear away more at the roots proportionately than in the other parts of the teeth, as is but too frequently the case with teeth formed in the usual way.

4. The greatest possible amount

of strength is given to them at the roots ; therefore, by possessing a rolling motion, by wearing more uniformly, and by being stronger at the roots, the liability to break- age is reduced to a minimum.

5. All teeth of the same pitch, whatever the tliameters of their wheels, work accurately together, obviating thereby the necessity of having so many expensive sets of patterns, as we commonly see in large engineering and mill- wrighting establishments. Even in extreme cases, but three sets can possibly be needed. But, generally speaking, one set of patterns alone will be found am- ply sufficient for all practical pur- poses.

Notwithstanding these state- ments, the tables comprise the particulars for forming three sets of patterns. In one set the small- est pinion contains eight teeth, in another set the smallest pinion contains ten teeth, and in the third set the smallest pinion con- tains twelve teeth. From which- soever of the three sets, as com- prised in the tables, the patterns are formed, all wheels, whatever their diameters, belonging to that series of patterns, will work ac- curately together. In the series of patterns, having for its smallest wheel a pinion of eight teeth, as also in the series having for its smallest wheel a pinion of ten

Monthly Journal.

381

teeth, the roots of the teeth in wheels of large diameters are very spreading; which, however desirable in cases where great strength is required, may in the eyes of the millwright for other purposes appear objectionable, though all the wheels of the series work most accurately together. To obviate any objection of that nature which is an objection simply of the eye and not of prac- tice— another series has been com- puted, wherein the smallest wheel is a pinion of twelve teeth. I re- peat, whichever is used, the wheels, whatever their diameters work together with equal accu- racy.

Previously to entering upon the tables, it may perhaps be as well to explain some of the technical terms that are employed : Radius is half the diameter of a circle or the extent to which a pair of com- passes must be opened to describe a circle around a given point. Radii is the plural of radius. "Pitch circle." When a drawing, or the pattern of a wheel is to be made, the first operation is to de- scribe a circle, upon the circum- ference of which the distances the teeth are to be asunder must be marked, as also their thick- nesses. Such circle, called the "pitch circle," passes nearly mid- way between the roots and the tops of the teeth ; and when

wheels work well together, and their teeth are properly formed, the pitch circles of the wheels touch, but do not cut each other. The pitch circle is sometimes called the "primitive," and some- times the "proportional circle." The latter name is incorrect in its signification, and has produced numerous errors, not only in vari- ous rules and tables which have been given to the public, but, unfortunately, in wheels which have been constructed from those tables and rules in large establish- ments. The term supposes that the radii of wheels are directly proportional to the number of re- volutions those wheels are to make, the incorrectness of which may by known by simple inspec- tion of column 2 in the foregoing tables. That column, to the best of my recollection, was first cal- culated and given to the public by Mr. Bryan Donkin. The whole of the other calculations con- tained in the tables are the re- sults of my own labor.

"The pitch." The distance in a straight line from center to center of each consecutive tooth, or from the side of one tooth to the same side of the next adjoining tooth, measured upon the pitch circle, is called the " pitch of the tooth." "The thickness of a tooth" is that part of the tooth which can be measured upon the pitch line.

382

Machinists and Blacksmiths'

"The face of a tooth" is that por- tion of the tooth which lies above the pitch circle. " The flank of a tooth" is that portion of the tooth which lies below the pitch circle, or within it. The space between tooth and tooth is sometimes called "the hollow." Besides the above terms, which are tolerably well known in the workshop, we make use of another, called the "paths of centers," which are circles concentric with the pitch circle. There are two of these paths to each wheel, one within, and the other without, the pitch circle. From the one without the pitch circle is described the flanks of the teeth, and from the one within, the "faces." These will be better understood after read- ing the examples.

The tables, as before stated, comprise calculations for forming three sets of patterns, which are all that can be required in prac- tice. By most engineers and mill- wrights but one set will be used. The calculations for each set are contained in six columns, marked from No. 1 to No. 6, consecutively. Column 1 exhibits the number of teeth which any given wheel is to have. Column 2, the radii of the pitch circles corresponding with those number of teeth. Column 3, the radii of the paths of cen- ters, from which are to be de- scribed the faces of the teeth.

Column 4, the radii by which the faces of the teeth are described. Column 5, the radii of the paths of centers, from which are to be described the flanks of the teeth. And column 6, the radii by which the flanks of the teeth are de- scribed. The five last columns are all expressed in terms of the pitch in other words, the number of times the pitch is contained in each. Consequently, when the pitch is known in inches and parts, all that is required for the use of the tables is a proper observance of the following rule for the breadth of teeth: Let a=breadth of the teeth in a line parallel with the axis ; 6=thickness of the teeth measured on pitch circle ; s=en- tire height of the teeth from the root. The above dimensions be- ing expressed in centimeters, for teeth continously greased, and of which the velocity does not ex- ceed 1£ meters per second, a=4 times b. If it exceeds that speed a=5 times b. And if the teeth are exposed to water a=6 times b. s should at no time exceed times b. A centimeter is equal to .39371 English inch, or four- tenths of an inch nearly. And meters is equal to 59.0565 English inches, or a little more than 4 feet 11 inches.

Hashuqua is the name of a town in Noxwbee county, Mississippi.

Monthly Journal.

383

ANNEALING.

The change produced by an- nealing is not well understood. Most of the malleable metals as- sume two distinct forms ; one crystalline, which is the result of slow cooling, and the other fibrous which is brought about by ham- mering or rolling. If hammered or rolled beyond a certain point, the metals become so hard that they cannot be bent without breaking. If annealed beyond a certain point, the metals be- come crystalline. Thus, zinc may be drawn into a very flexible and tenacious wire; but if kept in boiling water too long it resumes its original brittleness, and dis- plays a crystalline appearance when broken. The particles of the metal change their arrange- ment without altering their ex- ternal form, and this change may be brought about in various ways; thus, brass wire loses its tenacity by exposure to the fumes of an acid, and even by air acting on its surface in a damp atmosphere. Hence it is necessary to preserve wire, such as is used in the manu- facture of pins, in a dry air, or under the surface of water.

A machinist wrote to New York for particulars about the " Great American Condenser," and was surprised to learn that it was Dr. Wood, of the New York press.

LIABILITY OF RAILROADS FOR FIRES.

A Pennsylvania farmer sued a railroad company for the loss of a barn by fire kindled by the sparks from a locomotive. In the lower court the jury awarded the farmer $2,300 damages. The railroad company appealed to a superior court. It was shown that the barn was some distance from the track of the railroad, and that the intervening space was occupied by abundance of dry grass and weeds, etc., by which the fire was communicated to the building. The court overruled the first deci- sion, on the ground that as no one is responsible for the accidents from remote, but only for those from immediate causes, the owner of the barn must bear the loss. "The sparks from the locomotive did not fire the barn, but the grass, and it was the grass which fired the barn." If a farmer should fell a tree or dump a rock on the brow of a bank, and the declivity of the bank should roll the tree or rock on to a railroad track, would he be held liable only for the remote cause of felling the tree or dumping the rock, and the declivity made answerable as the immediate cause of the obstruc- tion ? Exchange.

It is said that the world owes every man a living, but a great many are too lazy to collect it.

384

Machinists and Blacksmiths'

THE TOOLS OF GREAT MEN.

It is not tools that make the workman, but the trained skill and perseverance of the man him- self. Indeed, it is proverbial that the bad workman never yet had a good tool. Some one asked Opie by what wonderful process he mixed his colors. "I mix them with my brains, sir," was the re- ply. It is the same with every workman who would excel. Fer- guson made marvelous things, such as his wooden clock, that accurately measured the hour by means of a common pen knife a tool in everybody's hands, but then everybody is not a Ferguson. A pan of water and two thermo- meters were the tools by which Dr. Black discovered latent heat, and a prism, a lens, and a sheet of pasteboard, enabled Newton to unfold the composition of light and the origin of color. An emi- nent foreign savant once called upon Dr. Wallaston and request- ed to be shown over his labora- tories in which science had been enriched by so many important discoveries, when the doctor took him into a little study, and point- ing to an old tea tray on the table containing a few watch glasses, test papers, a small balance and a blow-pipe, said, "There is all the laboratory I have !" Stothard learned the art of combining

colors by closely studying butter- flies' wings. He would often say that no one knew what he owed to these tiny insects. A burned stick and a barn door served Wilkie in lieu of a pencil and canvas. Bewick first practiced drawing on the cottage walls of his native village, which he cov- ered with his sketches in chalk ; and Benjamin West made his first brushes out of the cat's tail. Fer- guson laid down in the fields at night in a blanket, and made a map of the heavenly bodies by means of a thread with small beads on it, stretched between his eye and the stars. Franklin first robbed the thunder-cloud of its lightning by means of a kite made with two cross sticks and a hand- kerchief. Watt made his first model of the condensing steam engine out of an old anatomist's syringe, used to inject the arteries previous to dissection. Clifford worked his first problem in ma- thematics when a cobbler's ap- prentice, upon scraps of leather, which he beat smooth for the purpose; while Rittenhouse, the great astronomer, first calculated

eclipses on his plow.

» %

An old lady from the country, with six unmarried daughters, went into Augusta, Ga., hunting for the " Patrons of Husbandry." She meant business.

Monthly Journal.

385

THE PACTS ABOUT EBON.

There will be made (says the New York Tribune) this year in the United States about twenty- five hundred thousand tons of pig iron. In the year ended June 30 1872, there were imported into the United States iron and steel in various shapes which, if pro- duced here, would have required the making of fifteen hundred thousand tons of pig in addition to the two million and odd tons we actually did make. Now the change which protection is work- ing in the iron trade is simply this : that we are making more iron and importing less. Our ex- port trade in pig, bar, plate, sheet and railroad iron is comparatively nothing ; not the twentieth part of our imports of the same arti- cles. In cutlery and edge tools our exports are more consider- able, but still far less than the imports. This is a dull year. We are consuming much less iron than we were fifteen months ago. Yet still we are importing iron and steel at the rate of the equi- valent of three-quarters of a mil- lion tons of pig iron a year, while our furnaces are working nearly to their full capacity. These are the essential facts: what is the conclusion that we should draw from them?

The tariff should not be changed

for the present. The total value of the imports of iron and steel and manufactures thereof that entered into consumption in the United States was $21,922,127, or a little more than forty per cent. In August, 1872, the duties on all those articles were reduced ten per cent. There has been a great rise in the price of iron and steel since 1872; and, as the duties are mostly specific, the revenue for the current year will fall below thirty-five per cent, of the value of the goods, reckoned in gold at the foreign ports where they are shipped. We need revenue and we need protection. It is folly to suppose that the price of coal in England will not be considerably reduced within the next twelve months. When production is again carried on in England under settled conditions of the coal and labor markets it will be time to take into consideration another reduction of ten per cent, in our duties on iron and steel. Before we venture upon that, the expen- ditures of the government should be cut down, and further progress should be made toward specie payments.

Well enough should be let alone. Nothing is more injurious to the growth of manufactures than fre- qnent changes in the tariff. The prices of iron and steel are now made, more than ever before, by

386

Machinists and Blacksmiths'

the competition of American pro- ducers. If the business is more remunerative than other occupa- tions capital will be attracted to it, the supply will be increased, and prices will fall. We have since 1851 multiplied by twenty our annual production of railroad iron. In the same period our con- sumption of foreign rails has only doubled. We think that the pro- gress thus made should be con- solidated before we throw wide open our ports to the greater capital, cheaper labor, and most desperate competition of the Eng- lish manufacturer. Even if we accept the free trade hypothesis, that we have built our house in the way it ought not to be built, are we to tear the house down, now that it is nearly finished, in order to construct it on correct principles? At a proper time, which cannot be distant, we shall advocate a great reduction in the duties on iron, but at present such a step would be most ill-advised.

CAPITAL VS. LABOE.

The iron masters of England are organizing to contend with the Trades' Unions whenever strikes are prosecuted. A correspondent of the New York Times says of it : " But there is something going on at this moment in Great Britain which may be fraught with

goodness knows what ! both as to this international iron^_ ques- tion,' and every other question. An organization has been formed and is now being perfected, of by far the most gigantic character the world has ever known. It is called the National Federation of Employers. It embraces all the trades and manufactures, is in- tended once and forever to eradi- cate the principle of strikes, and already numbers among its mem- bers firms representing over £1,000,000,000 capital. It is to be among employers what Trades' Unions are among the employed. If a general strike in any branch of manufacture occurs, the Fed- eration is to assist with money and influence the involved em- ployers in resisting the demands of the strikers. Here is an open declaration of war against the Trades' Unions. When the battle between the Federation and the Trades' Unions begins in earnest, some one will get hurt. Which- ever way the fight terminates, America must benefit by it. If the employers win, we may look for a heavy emigration of Great Britain's most skilled laborer's. If the Trades' Unions gain the day, British labor will and must rise to the level of American

labor.

» »

You needn't read this line.

Monthly Journal.

387

CO-OPERATION AMONG THE FREEDMEN.

The colored people of Calleton county, S. 0., are trying the ex- periment of co-operation on a large scale. Parties of from ten to fifty form a society, elect offi- cers, and adopt by-laws. They have regular meetings at which the officers report, and a specified amount is paid into the treasury by each member. A suitable plantation is selected and pur- chased, a part of the money be- ing paid down, and the rest within one, two or three years. The land is equally distributed by the officers elected for that purpose among the members of the so- ciety. Each is free to work as suits him, and can dispose of his crop as he deems proper. The only requirements are good be- havior and prompt payment of dues, which are usually light. Any one wilfully failing to meet his dues, or convicted of dishon- esty, has all amounts previously paid in by him refunded, and is then invited to leave the planta- tion. If any one wishes to with- draw, he is returned his share of the purchase money, and com- pensated for all permanent im- provements. No new member is admitted without common con- sent. All the sick are cared for by the society, it being the duty of the officers to look after cases

of illness. If an unusually large sum of money is necessary to re- lieve the sick, a special meeting is held to raise it. Certain officers are designated to settle all dis- putes by amicable arrangement, and they seldom fail, thus avoid- ing that petty litigation which is the bane of the colored people. The societies are formed chiefly of those who work for hire, fifty cents per day being the ordinary due. Some of the societies have been in operation three or four years, and paid for their land. There have been failures for a time, owing to incompetent and unfaithful officers; but these be- ing removed, things have worked well again. The societies are lo- cated principally in the low coun- try east of the Savannah and Charleston railroad. While there are colored men who by single effort have accumulated fortunes within the past six or eight years, the higher average of success and prosperity is with those in the societies. The reason is, that, by securing a whole plantation, they obtain sufficient good land for their purchasers, while he who buys for himself generally gets a few acres, barely enough for a

poor subsistence.

» »

A Bridgeport minister uses

postal cards to invite delinquent

church members to service.

388

Machinists and Blacksmiths'

THE NATION'S FORESTS.

In an article under this caption the New York Times says : To as- certain by actual scientific ob- servations and measurements the influence of forests on the annual rain fall, moisture of the air and ground, and on the climate gen- erally, the Bavarian government established at different elevations and in different parls of the king- dom seven stations, at each of which daily observations were made at two different points, one situated in the middle of a large open field, the other in the middle of a large forest. The results of these observations, according to Dr. Ebermeyer's report, agree with the observations and opin- ions given by Humboldt, De Saussure, Herschel, and other na- tural philosophers in regard to the great influence of forests on the climate, relative moisture, fertility and healthiness of a coun- try, and are confirmed, besides many other facts, by the present physical condition of the Mediter- ranean shores, which, since the Alps, Appenines, and Pyrenees were deprived of their forests, have lost the pristine verdure and fertility so glowingly described by ancient geographers and his- torians. Rivers famous in song and story have shrunk to insigni- ficant streamlets, subject to sud-

den rises and overflows, inundat- ing and covering with gravel and sand the former fertile valleys. The destruction of the forests of the Vosges and Oevinnes sensibly deteriorated the famous fertility of Elsass and the rich valley of the Rhone. The same discoveries, although in a lesser degree, we are now making in various parts of the United States. A London contemporary, in commenting upon the tremendous ravages of the settler's ax, and the still more destructive one of the lumbermen in America, compares this whole- sale stripping of the Republic's soil of its timber to Delilah's rob- bing Samson of the secret of his strength; and, if this process of deforesting and disrobing of the earth continues at its present accelerated rates a quarter of a century longer,what, asks another writer, is to hinder the land from entering upon a long era of physi- cal degeneracy and climate de- terioration that must sap its in- dustrial and even its intellectual energies, and reduce its fair and salubrious bosom to the aspect of a South American Llano, 'dead and rigid like the stony crust of a desolated planet!' as Humboldt poetically expresses it. Unless there can be excited a national interest in this subject, it must become evident to the most un- observant, as it has long been to

Monthly Journal.

389

the thoughtful physicist, that the vast interior of the United States must part with its magnificent agricultural, manufacturing and commercial prosperity, and ex- perience a deterioration of clim- ate, subject to those excessive and morbific variations of tem- perature which make men feel, by turns, the bitter change] of fierce extremes, and converting its fertile valleys into plains, covered with sand and gravel, carried down from the denuded slopes of mountains by the unim- peded torrents no longer retained by the absorbing and retaining

power of the forests.

»>

An Englishman has offered to subscribe fifty or one hundred pounds toward the completion of a telescope that shall be power- ful enough to discover human beings if existing in any of the spheres. It would be aggravating for our noble race to see anybody walking around there without be- ing able to put them on a reserva- tion.

» »

Brown's Rotary Sewing Machine Company, which was organized a few weeks ago in Indianapolis, Ind., with a capital of $500,000, intends to put up its buildings at1 once, and to have its machines in the market within six months. They will employ at leasts one thousand hands when in full blast.

The Montreal Witness says that the largest piece of forging ever made in the Dominion has just been turned out of the Molsic Iron Company's forge at Brew- ster's bridge, in that city. It is a main shaft intended for the steamer Saguena, to replace the one broken some time ago. It measures twenty-five feet three inches in length, thirteen and a half inches average diameter and weighs over seven tons. It was made of Molsic iron, and is pro- nounced by several Canadian en- gineers, who have examined it, to be as good as anything of the kind made in England or the United States, from which coun- tries, previously, such articles were obtained.

The St. Louis Railway Register, in a notice of the Fulton Boiler and Sheet Iron Works of that city says: "One remarkable feature of this establishment is its tem- perance. The proprietors and sixty of their men are total ab- stainers. The proprietors have reformed many of their men by example, kindness and encour- agement. If one who reformed erred, he was not summarily dis- missed, but encouraged to try again and do better. How many drunkard's graves would be va- cant were this course universally pursued.

390

Machinists and Blacksmiths'

PASSING EVENTS, NEWS, ETC.

"Write Plainly.

Persons sending subscribers will confer a favor by writing the names and addresses plain and distinct, and also by stating whether they are new subscribers or renewed.

Honor to whom Honor is Due.

Last month we gave the credit of organizing No. 15 of Pa. to Bro. Thomas P. Smyth, but we learn from No. 8 of Pa. that Bro. James McGilcrist, Deputy President of No. 8 of Pa., is entitled to that honor. We cheerfully make the correction.

Davis C. Witherell.

This gentleman requests us to change the address of his Journal to Newport, R. I., but forgets that there are five or six thousand other subscribers, and that we will* have to look over them all carefully to find where his Journal has been sent formerly, a job he might have saved us if he had only mentioned his former address.

Death of H. W. Green.

No. 2 of La. reports the death of Henry W. Green, but does not state whether he was the delegate to the convention at Albany or not. The death of a member of that body should at least receive a notice through the columns of the Journal, but as there is no certainty about the matter we will wait for further particulars from No. 2 before making any remarks.

Extraordinary Inducements to Canvassers.

One hundred fine gold M. & B. Badges will be given as prizes to canvassers for the Jour- nal. A handsome $4 fine gold badge will be given for every fifteen yearly paid up subscri- bers. An extra fine gold badge, with cross- bar and pin attached, worth $5, will be given for every twenty paid up yearly subscribers. Every member of the organization has now an opportunity to secure one of these hand- some emblems of our order with little or no cost to himself. Every person sending in lists of from fifteen to twenty paid up yearly subscribers, in lists of not less than five, will be entitled to a gold badge. Every list must state the prize desired.

Severely Scalded.

The Knoxville Chronicle of a recent date contains the following: Yesterday morning, Mr. Mosely, foreman of the railroad machine shop, made a narrow escape from being scalded to death. He was under an engine making some repairs, when it became necessary to reduce amount of steam in the boiler, there being a head of a hundred pounds on at the time. A boy employed at the shop was ordered to let the steam off twenty pounds, and not being aware of Mr. Mosely's presence under the engine, he drew the plug from the "blow off cock," letting the steam right into his face and neck, scalding them pretty badly. Mr. Mosely, with remarkable presence of mind, wheeled around instantly, exposing such parts of his body to the steam as were pro- tected by thick clothing, thus destroying to a great extent the effect of the steam, and then made his exit from his perilous position, but having to endure the terrible heat until he had passed entirely from under the engine. The workmen at the shop rushed to the scene without any hope, however, of getting him out alive, as it was impossible to replace the plug aad were not a little surprised and over- joyed when Mr. Mosely's form emerged from the scalding spray. The proper remedies were at once applied, and at last accounts Mr. Mosely was doing well.

A Vote of Thanks.

At a meeting of the members of Machinists and Blacksmiths' Union, No. 12, of Elkhart, Ind., held August I6th, at their hall the follow- ing resolutions were unanimously adopted:

Resolved, That the thanks of the members of Machinists and Blacksmiths' Union, No. 12, of Elkhart Ind., are due and are hereby ten- dered to Col A. M. Tucker, Auditor of Elk- hart county, for a beautiful present, consisting of ten framed photographs of locomotive en- gines.

Resolved, That we most cordially appre- ciate the motives of the generous donor in be- stowing so handsome a present on our organ- ization, and we shall ever regard him with the highest esteem and this act of his with the most sincere admiration.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be furnished each of the papers of the county with a request that they may be published, and also "The Machinists and Blacksmiths' Jour- nal," of Cleveland, 0.

Jas. KavanaugbO

H. S. Becraft, > Com.

John Branch,

Monthly Journal.

391

Important Business Change.

The following notice, which we take from the Decatur (Illinois) Daily Republican, will be read with pleasure by hundreds of our subscribers, who will join us in wishing the new firm the largest measure of success:

James Milliken, Esq., has disposed of his interest in the Central Iron Works and Foundry, that have been for several years run by Burroughs & Co., C. C. Burroughs, Esq., retaining his interest in the concern. The pur- chasers of Mr. Millikin's interest are Edward Towhill, C. F. Hirt, Thomas Paradine, Chas. Gradwell, William J. Barrett and John M. Flood and the price paid is $35,000.

These men are experienced mechanics, and with the exception of Mr. Flood, are new- comers among us, and hail from Erie Penn- sylvania. Messrs. Towhill, Hirt, Paradine and Gradwell are machinists, Mr. Barrett is a blacksmith, and Mr. Flood is a practical moulder. As will appear from what follows these gentlemen have all occupied important and responsible positions in their respective trades.

Mr. Towhill has filled the very difficult and responsible position of Foreman in the Erie and Pitts Locomotive Works, located at Erie, Pa., for the term of three years.

Mr. Hirt was for two years Foreman in the Presque Isle Iron Works, at Erie, Pa., it being one of the largest saw-mill and gearing manufactories in the country.

Messrs. Paradine and Gradwell are ex- perienced engine builders, having been em- ployd for several years in the largest engine works in the country.

Mr. Barrett was assistant Foreman in the extensive forging shop of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., at Erie, Pa.

Mr. Flood who is already known to our people, has held the position of Foreman in the moulding department of Burroughs and Co.'s Foundry, for the past four years, and for seven years prior to coming to this city was Foreman in Zimmerman's Foundry, St. Louis, Mo.

These gentlemen are all to be actively em- ployed as workmen in the establishment, Mr. Towhill being Superintendent.

The firm thus constituted is to be known as the Union Iron Works, and is officered as follows :

President C. C. Burroughs;

Vice President Thomas Paradine;

Secretary C. F. Hirt;

Treasurer W. J. Barrett.

We regard this as one of the most im- portant changes that has occurred in connec- tion with any business establishment in our city for some time past. It is important to us as a community because it brings to our midst

five active business men, in the prime of life, four of whom have families. The positions they have respectively occupied is a guarantee that they are reliable, trustworthy men, and such men are always a valuable accession to any community.

But not only is this new order of things a matter of importance to us as a community, but it is particularly so to the establishment with which these gentlemen are identified. Being at the same time proprietors and work- men in the concern, there will be a double motive to bring their establishment to the highest standard of excellence. While, there- fore, the "Central Iron Works," under the management of Burroughs & Co., has for several years been an establishment of which Decatur was justly proud, it is but reasonable to expect the "Union Iron Works," with its corps of competent and experienced workmen, will greatly advance, both in the extent and quality of its work, upon anything ever at- tained by the old establishment.

Mr. Burroughs, the president of the new firm, has been prominently connected with the business of Decatur for the past sixteen years, half of which time he has been the active head of the establishment which has been re- organized with himself as the president. To say one word in his praise would be superflu- ous. Suffice it to say that his high standing as an honorable, energetic business man, emi- nently fits him for the part he is to take in the business of the new firm. In addition to his duties as president he is to attend to the out- side business, such as buying material, con- tracting for work, and devising and putting into execution, plans to extend the business of his concern.

And now in conclusion we would say to all our readers who maybe wanting anything that comes in the line of the "Union Iron Works," they can feel assured that this institution will give them as good work, and upon as reason- able terms as they can get at any establish- ment of the kind in this or any other state. Knitting* Needles* There is a needle factory on Pigeon Creek, at Lawrence ville, Pa., where knitting needles of nearly five hundred different kinds are made. They are used in mills for the manu- facture of stockings, drawers, shirts, caps, shawls and other knitted goods. The work is all done in one forty by sixty feet room. The wire used is of a rather soft steel, imported from England. Some of the needles are straight, others curved, others still hooked, with many variations in shape and size. From two to twelve thousand needles are manu- factured in a week, the number depending upon the kind and the demand for them.

392

Machinists and Blacksmiths7

Steam Locomotives without Fire.

A fireless locomotive has lately been tried in Chicago. The Tribune of that city says: "In front of the cars was the motive power, con- tained in a small, compact, and neat loco- motive, manipulated by an engineer. This was the fireless locomotive. It consisted of a boiler, eight feet long by three feet in di- ameter, and the usual machinery on a small scale. There was no fuel, no fire, no fireman. The steam was supplied for the round trip of six miles before starting. At the depot was a supply boiler, sixteen feet by three feet, in which steam was generated until 200 pounds pressure was indicated by the steam gauge. The locomotive boiler was three fourths full of cold water. Instead of boiling this by means of a fire and raising the pressure to a required hight, the heat was introduced from the supply boiler through an iron tube. The iron tube was connected with the locomotive boiler, the latter running under the water along the bottom of the boiler and letting out the superheated steam, as it was freed from the supply boiler, into the locomotive boiler. This steam rising through the cold water, per- meated it, and quickly raised its temperature to 170 degrees. With this supply of steam the locomotive started, drawing a heavy four horse car over the three miles, to 35th street in ten minutes. The amount of steam consumed was 80 pounds, the locomotive starting back with 90 pounds remaining. When the start- ing point was reached, there was 57 pounds of steam in the boiler, the pressure being re- duced only 33 pounds in the return trip, which was down a grade. It must be borne in mind that there was a large car, heavily laden, making eighteen miles an hour. The ex- periment proved conclusively that, as a sub- stitute for dummy engines, the fireless loco- motive is, beyond question, a success. There is no fire or fireman required, very little steam escapes, and the locomotive, not being one half the size of the clumsy dummy engine does not frighten horses and endanger the public safety.

G. S.

A communication from "G. S., Moberly, Mo.," will hardly do for the Journal. Please try again.

Telegraphic Invention.

A young man in California claimed to have invented an apparatus by which telegraph- ic dispatches could be received and sent on a train of cars in motion. Mr. Almy, an inven- tor residing in St. Louis, states that he also has filed a caveat for another device that will se- cure this end, which is so desirable as a pre- ventive for railroad accidents. The condition of Mr. Almy's invention is that the rails shall be steel. These he would charge from the batteries at the stations, and then make them perform the part of telegraph wires. As the stationary batteries might not be sufficient for this purpose, he would save and utilize the electricity generated by the friction of the wheels upon steel rails, by conducting it to a receiver. Thus every train, it is claimed, would be a telegraph office, and though there should be no operator aboard, a code of sig- nals could be easily constructed that would answer all the necessary purposes.

Incrustation of Water Pipes.

The Boston fire insurance companies are now calling attention to the condition of the water pipes in that city. It seems that the water supply is greatly diminished by the incrustation formed on the inside of the iron pipes by. the action of the water, so that a three inch pipe that has been laid ten years becomes reduced to two inches, those of four inches to three, and the six inch mains re - duced to five and four inches. A pipe was re- cently taken up in Howard street through which one could not see, though water flowed slowly: and a pipe of three inch bore was taken up in Beacon street, filled up solid with rust. Here is a chance, says the Boston Ad- vertiser, for an inventor to discover some coating to render iron pipes proof against the action of water. In the suburbs cement pipes are used, but it said that they are hardly strong enough to bear the pressure of the Cochituate water. New York Times. Volume XI. With this issue we complete Volume X. of the Machinists and Blacksmiths' Journal. Subscribers whose subscriptions expire with this number should be prompt in sending the requisite $1 for Volume XI.

Monthly Journal.

393

\teieUan$onn.

JEMMY, THE LIGHTHOUSE BOY.

[For the Machinists and Blacksmiths' Journal.]

Upon the coast of Maine, where billows dash

and roar, In view of ever-changing sea, and grand, ma- jestic shore, A lighthouse stood on rocky pier a home 'mid

the rolling deep- Where lashed in fury by the storm gigantic billows sweep.

But firm it stood upon the rock, amid the raging gales

Breasting the waves, and by its light warning approaching sails;

There lived Jemmy, the keeper's son, his cher- ished, darling boy,

Comfort of that secluded home, its happiness and joy.

Early in spring, one beauteous morn, while each

drop sparkled in the sun, The keeper took his fishing boat and left his

humble home; But evening came and clouds appeared and in

blackness robed the sky, The winds roared boisterously round the tower,

and still no keeper nigh !

Anxious and pale the mother sat, with wasted,

feeble frame, She could not light the tower lamps she was too

weak and lame; So there she sat while Jemmy gazed upon the

beating storm And heard the sleet dash 'gainst the tower, and

still no light to alarm !

Soon Jemmy spoke : " What shall we do to scale

the tower so steep, And fire the lamps, send forth the rays, and

illume the rolling deep? Father can't find his way again unless the lamps

we light, While many sailors may be lost out in the storm

to-night."

"I don't know what to say or do, my child," the

mother spake, "I am too feeble, you too young, this task to

undertake." "I'll light them, ma; do let me try, they must be

lit to-night." "Go, then, my son," the mother said, yet feared

him from her sight.

Then Jemmy climbed the tower high until he reached the top,

But found he could not reach the wicks without

an underprop; But by a table's kindly aid, and several broken

sticks, At last he found that, on tip -toe, he could just

reach the wicks.

Then soon the light went streaming forth over

the dark, dark sea, While Jemmy danced upon the floor so great his

extacy; But soon he faced the boisterous gale, in spite of

the dashing spray, And called, though shivering in the blast, "Dear

father steer this way."

Again, and yet again, he called aloud, outside

the tower, "Steer this way, father, steer this way," rang

out with all his power; And, strange to say, the father heard way out on

the foaming sea, And soon was sheltered from the blasts and the

storm's inclemency.

"Jemmy, my boy," the father cried, clasping

him in eager embrace, "But for you I would not reach home to-night,' '

and he showered kisses on his face ; They then knelt down, with tearful eyes, and

their grateful voices raise, And for the favors shown that night to God they

gave the praise.

And now, to close this simple rhyme, Jemmy has passed away,

And gloomy is that little home amid the dash- ing spray;

Father and mother wait and watch, and soon they hope with joy,

Again to clasp their darling son "Jemmy, the lighthouse boy!"

New Haven, August, 1873.

JOTHAM H. ORR.

OBITUARY.

This is what a Virginia City newspaper says of one departed :

Aye, tenderly close his eyelids,

In the sleep of the tyrant death, Composing his cold limbs sadly,

With tears and abated breath. The clods may above him harden,

With the turf, or the chilling snow- On, bury your dog in the garden,

He'll make the cabbages grow.

There ain't no trusting an Injun,

He's a catawampous cuss, For when he's a doing of suthing bad,

He's a wishing 'twas suthin wuss.

394

Machinists and Blacksmiths'

Demagogues and. the Press.

The individual, who, examining into the present relations of capital and labor, and ascertaining without a doubt that, of all the products of labor and capital, labor receives but a bare subsistance; whilst capital, through several causes, takes to itself all above labor's mere daily subsistence, and such individual being blessed with the ability and the oppor- tunity to expose and denounce the system that permits such injustice, is at once made the tar- get lor all the venom of the independent press. "Demagogue," "agitator," "communist," "ag- rarian," etc., are hurled at him, with a whole vocabulary of adjectives. He may advance statistics to prove his position a correct one: his figures are answered by vituperation. He may advance arguments based upon the wri- tings of the best thinkers on jolitical economy: he will be answered with slurs on his want of education. He may advocate combinatian among woikingmen as a stepping stone to re- dress: he is accused of importing foreign in- stitutions; and soon with every point advanced. Argument is not answered by argument. An appeal to the reason is answered by an ap- peal to the passions. Labor reformers claim that labor does not receive its just reward: that claim has never been denied, the proof are so clear that argument thereon is out of ques- tion; and yet every effort to secure to labor its just reward is howled down by the "press." We do not claim that labor in its efforts is al- ways right. We know by experience that broodii g over its wrongs and seeing no honor- able way to obtain redress, it has been lit- erally driven into excesses which its best friends cannot help but deprecate; but that it has wrongs to redress, and that they must be redressed, may now be considered a certainty: for there has awakened a spirit of inquiry among woikingmen that will never be quieted or howled down until redress is beyond a ques- tion. If woikingmen devoted the same time and money to the labor press of the country that they now do the political press, if they studied their own interests to one-half the extent that they study the interest of party politics, a few years would find them prepared to demand and exact justice from those who now cajole them into the belief that the present system, which gives every advantage to capital at labor's expense, is the only true system of national prospeiity. Some of our so-called writers on political economy, to prove the general prosperity of the country, to the immense addition to the wealth thereof, as shown by the late census; but they fail to show that one-half the immense wealth is owned by five per cent, of the people, and they dare not analyze the condition of those whose muscles have made all the wealth. Discussion is not what they want; they dread it as men do

pestilence. But all their efforts will only put off the day of labor's triumph; not a triumph over eapital, but a triumph over its own igno- rance: for labor has only to know right from wrong, and then will that right take the place of wrong, and it is done.

The press of the country, which should be the great popular teacher, has, through the moneyed influence of those who desire the ex- isting state of affairs to continue, become not only the apologist but the advocate of the present system, and thereby causes that di- vision between the thinking and unthinking portions of labor, to which may be ascribed all its ills. But a change is coming. The press sees it; they are more than disposed to tem- porize and conciliate. A portion of it now ad- vocates certain concessions, not because the claim of labor is just— they dare not put it on that ground but it is endeavoring to show its masters that small concessions must be made or full justice will be exacted. While it is thus urging capital, it never lets up on its fran- tic yells about "demagogues," "communists," etc., as it is pleased to call those called by their fellows to take the lead in this war against ignorance. Exchange.

The Power of a Locomotive.

When the first locomotive was patented, driving only one car, if lightly loaded, it did very well; but when the load it diew was heavier than its own weight, its wheels would not bite, that is, they would turn round and round without advancing. It seemed at first impossible to make a less weight move a greater on an up grade; and for some years no one invented an engine able to draw three times its own weight. At the present time, however, locomotives sweep along with trains more ponderous by fifteen or twenty times than they are themselves. One means of gaining this vast increase of power for the locomotive, was by dividing the load. It was found, that an engine powerless to stir five times its weight of freight when concentrated in one car, could readily draw it when dis- tributed in a dozen cars loosely shackled to- gether. It was heavier than each single car; and it had overcome, the inertia of each one a moment before it encountered the inertia of another. It was thus more than a match for each car taken singly; and pulling them suc- cessively, it drew after it a train as long as a comet, and the farther it ran the more strength it had to run farther. Here was the story of little David over again. Ordinarily, the strip- ling's weight, as he told Goliah, was one hund- red and twenty, but whanever hegot mad he weighed a ton. Moreover, the engine forced the momentum accquired by every car it had started, to swell its own potency in overcoming the resistance of all that remained motionless.

Monthly Journal.

395

Iron and Coal Resources of the Keystone State.

The New York Times says: The great de- gree of public attention which has lately been called to coal and iron has concentrated an unusual degree of interest upon Pennsylvania. We propose in this article to take a brief general view of the natural and acquired re- sources of that State.

The estimated value of all the real and per- sonal property of Pennsylvania was, according to the census of 1870, $3,808,240,112. That of the State of New York was $6,500,841,264. The same valuation assigns to this city $3,484,268,700, and to Philadelphia $1,206,- 254,758. This leaves $3,016,572,564 for this State outside of New York City, and $2,602- 085,355 for Pennsylvania outside of Philadel- phia. The valuation to which we are here re- ferring, it may be well to mention, is not merely the official assessment for purposes of taxation, but the result of calculation made from such assessments and various other sources of information.

It is our purpose at present to speak partic- ularly of Pennsylvania outside of Philadel- phia; and perhaps the most clear and exact idea we can give of the present wealth of that portion of the State is to say that, according to the figures we have quoted, it is slightly four per cent greater in proportion to the popula- tion than that of our own State outside of this city. This difference is so slight that it would be in itself scarcely worthy of remark. But the wealth of this State outside of the metropolis and its immediate neighborhood is almost all of such a nature that little more can, on an average, be anticipated than a fair and steady advance from year to year. That of Pennsylvania may increase within a very few years to an extent to which it is difficult to assign any definite limits. From present appearances the value of iron and coal resour- ces of the State twenty, or even ten years, hence seems not unlikly to attain proprotions the mere prediction of which, but a short time since, would have been regarded as utterly wild and absurd. These interests are con- sidered, not merely by visionary enthusiasts or persons who, for their circumstances, may be supposed to be inclined to the most favorable views, but by great numbers of thoughtful and unprejudiced men, to be still in infancy. To whatsize these uncommonly promising infants are likely eventually to grow is a point upon which we do not venture to express our opinion. The prospects of their developement, so far as can be calculated, are just now cer- tainly of a most promising description.

The coal and iron mines of Pennsylvania would be of far less value than they are, were i not for the great agricultural resources of the State. A good and cheap supply of pro-

visions for the workingmen and their families is obviously an exceedingly important point in connection with the rate of wages, and the facility of obtaining labor. What the full ag- ricultural capacity of the State is, it is im- possible to say. The high cultivation and great productiveness of some of the older portions are well known. The farmers of Lancaster county have long had an almost national reputation. But there are many counties of great natural fertility in the north- ern and western parts of the State, only a small proportion of the area of which has yet been cleared of forests. This is especially true of what is known as the "northern tier" of counties. Indeed, it may be doubted whether, taken as a whole, the northern half of the State is much inferior in agricultural capacity to the southern half. Some of it, indeed, is poor land, and besides this, there is a good deal composed of hills too steep for plowing; but the amount precluded from cul- tivation by either of these causes is far less than is supposed. Many of the counties which are now scarcely settled would, if properly im- proved, support a very large farming popula- tion, and there can be little question that they will do so in the course of, at the most, the next twenty or twenty-five years.

In one kind of natural wealth Pennsylvania is altogether inferior to New York. Its extent of navigable waters bears no comparison with ours. Before the time of railroads this was a most serious disadvantage. What has been done since that time to obviate the defi- ciency is so well known that it need scarcely be mentioned. The Pennsylvanians are often looked upon as rather a slow moving and un- enterprising people. Their preformances in the master of railroads have certainly been a somewhat singular way of manifesting their trait of character.

The importanae of the resources of Penn- sylvania to the city of New York can hardly be overestimated. The waters in our vicinity are the nearest points of tide water to a con- siderable part of the anthracite regions. And if the anticipations which now seem not unrea- sonable, in regard to American iron, shall be fulfilled, the value of the products of that State to our commercial and manufacturing interests, great as it is now, must almost im- measurably increase. We are glad that our business men are giving so much thought to this whole subject. The amount of attention which they are bestowing upon it is none too great. On the contrary, it is, we think, in many respects, by no means equal to what its magnitude and importance demand. «> >

To love and to Labor is the sum of living; and yet how many think they live, who neither labor nor love.

396

Machinists and Blacksmiths'

A New Method of Making Iron.

A new method of making wrought iron direct from the ore is now practiced in South Staffordshire, which is thus described: The inventors take the ore, grind it to powder, and mix with it powdered lime, together with pow- dered pitch or tar. "When pitch is used, a little water is all that is needed to produce a mixture having much the appearance of dark mortar. In this shape the preparation is spread on the floor of a close kiln, and treated pretty much like patent fuel. Here the mois- ture evaporates, but no portion of the metal- producing ingredients is lost. In a few hours the kiln has a surface of metal coke usually four, and, if necessary, eight inches, thick. This is broken up into sizes adaptable to a heating furnace of the ordinary iron works class, where it is submitted to fii e for half an hour at the utmost. In that time it is ready for the helve or squeezers, which it leaves a capital bloom, producing in the rolls a bar of half-manufactured iron, known, under the old principle, as a puddled bar.

Thus the use of the blast furnace has been altogether avoided, and the work of converting the product of the blast furnace into partially manufactured iron, which has heretofore re- quired the exercise of a large amount of troublesome skilled labor, has been effected by an operator who needs very little practice to make him efficient. The other stages through which iron has to pass in order to the completing of the bar, or sheet, as the case may be, are the same as in the old process. The inventors, who are Messrs. Gerhard and Caddick, claim that they require only two tons of coal to make one ton of finished iron from the ore; that they can make German steel as cheaply as cast iron, and that they can manu- facture cast iron equal in purity to charcoal iron without the use of charcoal, and they state that they have offers for all the finished iron they can make. The offers are, they ex- plain, at prices which would leave a splendid margin of profit. The inventors are taking steps to form a company. If all that they claim to be able to do is practicable, a sim- plicity has been attained in the making of iron which should go far to reduce its price in those smaller sizes and shapes which are most of all applicable to the business of the general iron merchants.

«> 9

Lately a discovery was made in California of a third grove of big trees as remarkable for their gigantic proportions as those of the Calaveras or Mariposa groves, and in a local- ity easy of approach. "What adds to the value of this discovery is the fact that it is on the direct route to the Yosemite Valley, and tourists can take the grove in their route with- out extra cost or inconvenience.

Joseph Arch.

The following history is given of how Joseph Arch, the great agricultural labor reformer, first attracted attention in England: A couple of laborers knocked at Arch's cottage door in Barford one evening. Mrs. Arch answered the summons, and saw two sturdy bread- winners from a neighboring village. " We want thy man, Joe; is e at whoam?" "What's wantin', lads?" "Why, we want to talk to 'im about formin' a Union. Other trades 'ave a Union, an' we doant see why we shouldn't 'ave one; it's time we did summat." " You form a Union? Why, you aint got spirit enough, my lads, for no such thing." " Yes we 'ave, if Joe will only lead us." And it came to pass that Joe consented to lead them, and before the men left his cottage that night he had pledged them to address a gathering of laborers at Wellsborne the following week. The intelligence that Arch would have some- thing to say to the poor folk spread rapidly. It was the talk of the cottagers for miles around. " Whoy, lad, thee 'as 'eard as Joe Arch is goin' to preach to us?" "Noa! be 'e? Dang it, Joe knows a good bit, an' 'e's not stuck up wi' 'is learnin'. Awl go with thee an' 'ear 'im." Arch expected to talk to a small gathering in a little room in the village inn. To his astonishment he found upon reaching Wellsborne an out-door gathering of some fifteen hundred laborers, with a sprink- ling of farmers and esquires. A pig-killing board was brought out. Joe mounted it and began his speech. An enemy sent to the gas works and the lamps on the street were extin- guished. The laborers procured candles and the meeting was continued. The address made by Arch on that occasion was magical in its effect. The Union which he advocated now numbers 100,000 members.

Mr. A. T. Hay, of Burlington, Iowa, has written a letter to James H. McCord, United States Boiler Inspector at St. Louis, in which he takes the ground that boiler explosions are in the main the product of forces generated by heat from the effete matter in foul water. He thinks that when the potent forces known to exist in foul water are better understood that is, when every practical engineer realizes that foul water possesses physical forces absolute- ly dangerous and beyond his control, and that, too, at such temperature and under such pressure as render clean water perfectly safe, none of the devices now in use will command any serious attention; while pure water will act the same every time under like thermic conditions, and may be set down as absolutely safe, with ordinary care, as a motive power.

»► 9

Why do women like stays? Because they feel so-laced by them. Laugh now.

Monthly Journal.

397

)et\eml ^ar^p^and^nce.

We do not hold ourselves responsible for the opinions of our correspondents.

Correspondents will please send in their man- uscripts on or before the 12th of each month, so as to avoid being crowded out.

In order to insure insertion, all letters intended for publication, must be accompanied by the full name of the writer, not necessarily for publica- tion, but as a guarantee of the good faith of the writer.

Enthusiasm.

Susquehanna Depot, Sept. 11, 1873.

Mr. Editor It seems the few remarks I made on Bro. Lawlers letter has roused his ire, which finds vent in a complication of words that Webster's Unabridged could hardly make strong enough to denounce the poor spouters whom he advises to qualify their en- thusiasm, but gives no point at which to stop. He does not tell us how many members we can propose before laying on our oars, or whether a member is permitted to organize one, two or ten Unions before goiDg beyond the line. On reading the elaborate and well- written article, a person might doubt the fact of its being extempore but for the reckless way he piles up the facts, seemii gly uncon- scious that the majority were like Dan Pun- denson's patent double-ended gun, in being certain destruction to the man who sets them off. I will look at the two points that he em- phasizes most, and call his attention to the absurdity of advancing as arguments against enthusiasm the work of the strongest body of recognized enthusiasts in the world the Jesuits to become one of which a man must of a necessity be a perfect zealot; and the words of Demosthenes, who thought no sacri- fice too great if in the end he ; ccomplished the object of his early ambition to be perfect in creating enthusiasm. Strange that such a man should prefer silver to gold; strange that he should prefer living forever as the greatest orator that ever spouted to going to an un- known grave, as many a harder working man has done. I might go over all his points in the same manner, but will content myself by taking an extract from each of his letters Place them side by side and let them speak for themse' ves. In the first place is "I never knew an enthusiast but what was behind in action," in the second and qualified letter appears "To a certain extent I am an enthusiast." James is this inconsistency the effect of enthusiasm, or what?

Begging Bro. Lawler not to confound the enthusiasm I defend with that sometimes pro- duced by local option in Renovo, I still remain his enthusiastic brother,

Michael T. Nolan.

The Sewing machine.

Cleveland, 0., Sept. 24, 1873. Mr. Editor The following communica- tion, which I find in the Geauga (Ohio) Re- publican, I think ought to find a place in your valuable periodical. It is not at all improb- able that some one among the many intelli- gent readers of the Journal will develop "sufficient inventive genius" to attain the ob- ject desired. Yours, ***

IS THE SEWING MACHINE A BLESSING?

This is emphatically an age of inventions. In every department of our varied activities, inventive genius finds ample scope for its multitudinous powers. Everything that seems to facilitate the manual labor required in our every-day affairs, is very likely to be hailed as a harbinger of good to the human race. Now, while I would not decry any genuine improvement, yet there is usually two sides to every important problem. . But it is not my purpose to go into any discussion of the pros and cons in regard to any of the great inven- tions of the age. And, as regards the sewing machine and its uses I only wish to refer to a single point, and that more for the purpose of asking if some one has not sufficient inventive genius to surmonnt what seems to me the great objection to the sewing machines as at present constructed. Every person who has had any considerable experience in runn'ng a machine is aware of the terrible strain upon some of the muscles, but more especially upon the sciatic nerve, and that no woman can run a machine constantly for any great length of time without seriously impairing her health, and eventually undermining her constitution. The great difficulty unquestionably arises from the unnatural heel-and-toe motion in working the treadle. The practical question I wish to suggest is, whether there is not some way in which this great difficulty may be over- come. Whoever will invent a perfect treadle for sewing machines may consider his fortune guaranteed. Inquirer.

Narrow-Gauge Railways.

The difference between the cost of narrow- gauge railroads and ordinary four feet eight and a half inch gauge is rather more than most people imagine that is, if we are to take the word of a writer in the Financier. There are now fifteen narrow-gauge railroads in operation in the United States, ha\ing seven hundred miles of track, and there are no less than twenty organizations and twelve hundred and filty mi'es under process of construction. The roads have been planned and constructed in the past two years. The cost through a level country is about $10,(100 a mile, includ- ing equipment of rolling stock, while the broad gauge costs from $35,000 to $40,000 per mile.

398

Machinists and Blacksmiths*

\bittm\%.

Milwaukee, Wis., Sept. 28, 1873. For the first time, since the organization of No. 2 of Wis., death has laid its cold hand upon one of our brothers, Christian Krue- ger, who came to us with a clear membership card from No. 2 of New York at the beginning of the month of June; though only a week after depositing his card with us, he was taken down by sickness and had to suffer a great deal until it pleased the Lord our God, to de- liver him from hi3 earthly troubles the first day of September. He spoke in thankful terms of the prompt payments of sick benefits, without them he would have been very badly off for the neccessaries of life. The evening before his death, he spoke to one of his friends about the Life Insurance of our organization, what a noble institution it was, and the desti- tute condition of his family after his death on account of him not joining this department when in good health. Here we wish to recom- mend to the readers of the Journal the short patent sermon of Brother A. Dow, published in the Journal for September. There was some- thing done by us in paying the funeral expen- ses, but that does not cover the present de- mands of the destitute family. Short were our acquaintance with the deceased brother, but he left the impression on all those who conversed with him that he was a noble char- acter.

In memory of him the charter of our Union is draped in mourning for thirty days.

C. ACKERMANN,

It. Tuctken, y Com. C. G F. Schmid,

St. Louis, Mo., August 12, 1873.

The following preamble and resolutions were adoptea by M. & B. U. No. 1 of Mo. at a regular meeting held August 12, 1873:

Whereas, It has pleased the Divine Maker and Ruler of the Universe, in His infinite wisdom, to lay the hand of affliction upon our worthy brother, Daniel McCarthy, and family, in calling away their little daughter, Eliza; therefore be it

Resolved, That we deem it our duty to ex- press in fitting terms the deep sympathy we feel for our bereaved brother and his family in this their trying hour of sorrow and afflic- tion, for the loss of one dear to them, who though removed from the transitory scenes of life, still lives in the hearts and memories of those who loved it.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be presented to our brother and also published in the M. & B. Journal.

W. T. Blaetterman, Com.

Buffalo, Sept. 16, 1873.

At a regular meeting of M. & B. U. No. 5 of N. Y., the following preamble and resolu- tions were adopted:

Whereas, It has pleased the Almighty Fa- ther to visit Bro. Barnes with a sad visitation by taking from him his son; and

Whereas, It becomes us as brothers of the association to express, in fitting language, our sense of the loss of brother has sustained;

Resolved, That this Union express to Bro. Barnes and his family our heartfelt sorrow and grief at their sad bereavement.

At the same time and place the following were also unanimously adopted:

Whereas, It has pleased the Supreme Ruler of the Universe to enter the family of our worthy brother, James Findley, and removed therefrom his eldest daughter,

Resolved, That we deem it our duty to ex- press the deep sympathy we feel for our be- reaved brother and family, for the loss of the dear one. who, though removed from the transitory scenes of life, still lives in the hearts and memories of those who knew her.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the President of the I. U. for pub- lication in the Monthly Journal.

Edward Sniggs, John B. Myrick, James Johnson,

Com.

Savannah, Sept. 15, 1873.

At a regular meeting of M. and B. Union No. 3 of Ga., the following preamble and resolutions were adopted:

Whereas, It has pleased the Almighty and Omnipotent Ruler of the Universe to take from us our friend and brother, Richard Chapman; and

Whereas, The solemn duty rests on us as brothers under the common bond of benevo- lence to express the sorrow we feel in the un- timely death of our beloved brother; there- fore be it

Resolved, That in the death of Bro. Richard Chapman this Union has lost a worthy and esteemed member.

Resolved, That we tender to the bereaved family our heartfelt sympathies and pray that the Author of their wound will send to them the true balm to heal the same and bring con- solation to their sorrowful hearts.

Resolved, That as a token of respect to his memory our charter be draped in mourning for the space of thirty days, and a blank page be left in our minute book.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the relatives of the deceased, and published in the M. and B. Journal. W. W. Sissons, j T. E. Murphy, > C A. Armstrong,

Monthly Journal.

399

Albany, August 2, 1873. " At a regular meeting of M. & B. U.'No. 1 of N. Y., the following preamble and resolu- tions were unanimously adopted:

Whereas, It has pleased the Allwise and Supreme Ruler of the Universe to call from our midst our beloved and most esteemed bro- ther, Richard Hughes, to that world where sin and sorrow are no more; and

"Whereas, It is our duty, as brothers, to sympathize with the family of our deceased brother in the loss they have sustained; there- fore be it

Resolved, That we attend the funeral of our deceased brother in a body, and that a copy of these resolutions be sent for publica- tion to the M. & B. Journal.

Charles G. Davidson,) Garret Shannon, > Com.

James McGrath, )

New York City, Sept. 19, 1873.

At a regular meeting of M, & B. U. No. 18 the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted:

Whereas, It has pleased Divine Providence to remove suddenly from this world of trouble and care our friend and brother. Jas. Powers, and

Whereas, It becomes our solemn duty to tender a fitting tribute to his memory; there- fore be it

Resolved, That we tender to the bereaved widow, orphans, and sisters of our deceased brother our heartfelt sympathy and condolence and pray that the same Divine Providence, in His mercy, may never allow these four young orphans to realize the loss of their kind father.

Resolved, That our charter be draped in mourning for the space of thirty days.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be presented to the family of the deceased, also a copy sent to the President of the I. IT. for publication in the M. & B. Journal. Chas. V. Mulligan, ) Isaac M. Burges, > Com. Peter Dinnin, )

Resolved, That we deeply feel the loss of him who in the spring time of life has been taken from us, and whose memory will be forever enshrined in our hearts.

Resolved, That we tender to the bereaved widow and relatives our sincere sympathy and condolence for our common loss.

Resolved. That as a further token of respect to the memory of our deceased brother the charter of our Union be draped in mourning for the space of thirty days.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be presented to the bereaved wife and family and published in the Monthly Journal. Walter Thompson,) James Monroe, > Com. John L. Smith, )

Algiers, Sept. 18, 1873.

At a regular meeting of M. & B. U. No. 2 of La., held Sept. 18, 1873, the following pre- amble and resolutions were unanimously adopted:

Whereas, The fell destroyer, death, has been in our midst and with unrelenting grasp has taken from us our well beloved friend and brother-craftsman, Henry W. Green; and

Whereas, We bow in humble submission to the will of our Grand Master, the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, who in his infinite wisdom has seen fit to call our beloved bro- ther from our midst to a blessed immortality;

St. Louis, Sept. 24, 1873.

At a regular meeting of No. 1 of Mo. the following preamble and resolutions were adopted:

Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God to take from our worthy brother, Henry Martin, and family, their dearly beloved daughter Susan, therefore be it

Resolved, That while Bro. Henry Martin and family mourn their loss they are bowing in humble submission to the Divine Will of Him who doeth all things well.

Resolved, That we deem it our duty to deeply sympathize with our worthy brother and family in this their trying hour of sorrow and affliction.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be presented to our brother and family, and that they be printed in the M. & B. Journal. W. T. Blaetterman, Com.

Helena, Sept. 3, 1873.

At a meeting of M. & B. U. No- 1 of S. C. the following preamble and resolutions were adopted:

Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God to remove from our midst the beloved wife of our worthy brother, J. C. Syfan, therefore be it

Resolved, That we deem it our duty to ex- press, in fitting terms, the deep sympathy we feel for our bereaved brother for the loss of the dear one who, though removed from the transitory scenes of this life, still lives in the hearts and memories of those who knew her.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be presented to our brother, and a copy sent to be published in the Monthly Journal. J.M. McCoy,) L. Rollison, > Com. 0. B. Butler,)

At the same time and place the following were also adopted:

Whereas, It has pleased Almighty God to visit our brother, Wm. A. Davis, with a sad visitation, in taking from him his only son,

400

Machinists and Blacksmiths7

little Willie, a bright and promising boy, in the second year of his age; and

Whereas, The members of this Union deeply sympathize with him in his bereave- ment, therefore be it W

Resolved, That this Union express to Bro. Davis and his family our heartfelt sorrow at their bereavement, and that a copy of these resolutions be presented to the parents, and published in the Monthly Journal.

William Milligin, Wsi. H. Pratt, )■ C S. W. Neece,

New Orleans, Sept. 25, 1873.

At a regular meeting of M. and B. Union No. 1 of La., held in Odd Fellows' Hall, Sept. 22, 1873, the following preamble and resolu- tions were adopted:

Whereas, It has pleased an All-wise Pro vidence to remove a fellow-workman from our midst,

Resolved, That in the death of Bro. Henry Leonard this Union has lost a most worthy and esteemed member, and his fellow-work- men a sincere and devoted iriend.

Resolved, That we deeply sympathize with his afflicted family in this their hour of be- reavement.

Resolved, That as a further token of respect to the memory of our deceased brother, the charter of our Union be draped in mourning for the space of thirty days.

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be presented to the relatives of the deceased, and published in the M. and B. Journal and New Orleans Sunday Times.

James Fisher,

Fred. H. Dehn, \ Com

Edward B. Smith

The oft-told story of the infant whose mo- ther bared her bosom to recall him from the edge of a precipice, is first found in Leonidas of Alexandria, who flourished in the time of Nero.

How the poor child is worried, on whom but a little spark of vanity is discovered, and yet what a poor, miserable creature is the man who has no vanity.

Thoughts come into our minds by avenues which we never left open, and thoughts go out of our minds through avenues which we never voluntarily opened.

Two-thirds of men's generosity is what spills over the cup. When they fill it full for themselves they say: " You may have the drippings."

The first ingredient in conversation is truth; the next, good sense; the third, good humor; and the fourth, wit.

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